You may now wonder how to determine what type of conjugation a particular verb belongs to. Unfortunately, you cannot figure it out on the basis of the infinitive itself. Instead, you need to get yourself a dictionary that shows the type of conjugation a verb belongs to. Once you know that, you should be able to work out the remaining forms.
The best approach to learning irregular verbs is to memorise the first two forms and what type of conjugation they belong to. Try to do so as soon as you come across them. Be aware that Polish past tense distinguishes between three genders — masculine, feminine and neuter — in singular form. With plural nouns, you have two types: masculine personal nouns identify a group with at least one man; every other plural noun is part of the second type called non-masculine personal — groups of women, children, objects, animals or any group without a man.
Watch out for the unusual stress in the my and wy forms. You need to emphasise the third-to-last syllable — the syllable just before the ending. Chapter 1 has more information on stressing syllables.
The chapters in this part hone your small-talk skills and take you on shopping and dining excursions as well as explaining how to enjoy yourself the Polish way. Greetings and Introductions In This Chapter Addressing people formally and informally Introducing yourself and others Chatting about learning a new language Meeting and greeting go hand in hand.
Or cheek to cheek, in less formal situations. So, if you want to impress your Polish friends, go ahead and dive into greetings and introductions! This impression may, to some extent, be created by the distinctions in saying you in Polish. The Polish language has two or actually seven ways of saying you: Informal: ty tih singular and wy vih plural. If you misuse you, people might give you a strange look or, in a worst case scenario, you could end up offending someone.
In general, the informal ty is used between family members, friends, children and teenagers. Once a teenager turns 18 and gets their first ID card, they can expect everyone to call them by pan or pani.
In reality, they need to wait a bit longer until they look more mature. Use the formal you in every official situation, such as in business meetings, at the bank, station or airport, or in a shop. Use pan or pani when you talk to a stranger, everyone middle aged, older than you or your superior at work.
As you get to know people better, you can switch to the less official ty. However, in the case of a man and a woman, the man should always wait to be invited to use ty — as should a younger person dealing with an older person. The same applies to the workplace.
Suggesting to your Polish boss that you switch over to the informal you and a first-name basis can be a bit risky, so you had better not! You use it to say both hi and bye informally. So that makes things a bit easier! Do widzenia! In Polish the how are you? Poles consider this question meaningless and you should avoid it at all costs.
Co u ciebie? Co nowego? In family situations, especially when you see someone after a long time, you can expect a hug and two or three kisses on alternate cheeks. It might sometimes be awkward when you want to kiss twice and the other person three times, or the other way around.
Just smile. Formal situations are similar to those in Western Europe, where a simple handshake with everyone in the room is sufficient. A man should always wait for a woman to extend her hand first.
Getting Introductions Right In this section, I cover how to introduce yourself and how to ask people their name. Here, again, different situations require different expressions. Being formal or informal is all about the words and expressions you use; in other words — how you ask the question. Phrases you use to talk about yourself remain the same regardless of the type of situation.
Making informal introductions When meeting a new friend, a child or a teenager, you may find the following expressions handy if you want to start a conversation, especially if your name is Anna.
It belongs to the same family of words as nazwisko naz-vees-ko , which means surname. Kto to jest? Some situations call for a certain level of formality. Being able to describe yourself and ask other people questions about themselves can oil the wheels of conversation. As in English, this verb is irregular and your best approach is to learn it by heart. To jest. In an English sentence, you always use a noun or pronoun with a verb; for example, you say: I am.
When you use the third person, use the personal pronoun with the verb because leaving it out may result in a misunderstanding. A Polish speaker cannot work out exactly what is being said here. To jest Maria to yest ma-rya This is Maria. Jest wysoka i sympatyczna yest vih-so-ka ee sihm-pa-tihch-na She is tall and nice — omit ona again. You keep the personal pronouns ja, ty, my, wy only when you contrast facts about two different subjects.
The contrast is that one group of people is from one country, Ireland, and the other people are from Portugal. Use the personal pronoun together with the verb when you mention two contrasting facts about two separate things. Gdzie mieszkasz? W Notting Hill. The difference is simple: while the first one tells us about the country you come from, the second refers to your nationality.
Table provides a list of possible nationalities, with their masculine and feminine forms. You may have already noticed that in Polish you put the adverb such as a little, poor, well, not at all before the verb instead of at the end of the sentence. In Polish, you literally say Very well you speak English. I talk about both conjugations in Chapter 2. Speaking English in Poland Although young Poles are eager to learn foreign languages, with English widely spoken in bigger cities, the foreign languages spoken by the older generation are Russian or German the latter particularly popular in the west of the country.
If you want to practise your Polish, your best bet is to go to a small town or village and simply enjoy being surrounded by Poles and the Polish language.
Polish For Dummies may come in handy! Chapter 4 Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk In This Chapter Asking questions Giving out your contact information Counting Talking about family members Describing the weather As you make friends and find more people to talk to in Polish, you want to go beyond introducing yourself which I cover in Chapter 3 and hold more interesting and serious conversations.
Well, maybe not that serious, as the topic can be your family or simply the weather the latter subject not as popular as in the UK! Small talk is the best way to start off your first conversation in Polish. Asking Key Questions In approaching any new subject, you ask a lot of questions.
The next sections fill you in on how to form basic questions — and a couple of answers too. Any topic is good, and with no real taboos you can free your imagination. When it comes to politics, the Polish people often hold strong opinions, and some joke that when two Poles argue over politics, three political parties can be formed!
All these words and phrases can be used on their own or in simple sentences, such as the following examples: Kto to jest? Co to jest? Co to znaczy. For example, you say: Have you been. Did you do. Are you reading. Will you go. In Polish, yes or no questions and answers are a lot easier than in English for once! When you listen to native speakers, you may notice that Poles often leave out the question word czy chih. Intonation alone indicates the interrogative. You can find out where people live and exchange addresses, phone numbers and email information.
When it comes to giving the address of a particular venue, Polish speakers do it a little differently to English speakers. In Polish, you start with the type of place — ulica ul. Just follow the spelling on maps and road signs. If you want to be in touch with Polish friends and are looking for something more modern and hassle-free, like email rather than traditional letters, use these handy expressions: Jaki masz adres e-mailowy?
I talk more about numbers in the next section. Counting Numbers To give new friends your address or leave your phone number for a return call, you need to know your numbers.
Table shows you how to say the cardinal numbers from 0 to 1, in Polish. Complaining about Poland — for Poles only You may notice that Polish people love to complain and make jokes at the same time. Poles will criticise their government or laws, make fun of their bosses, complain about their family or life in general or will laugh about their national traits.
As a foreigner, you may be asked to share your opinion about Poland and its people on numerous occasions. Be careful here! Never join in in criticising Poland or the Polish people.
Making jokes about your own country is always a safe way out, or simply focus on the many good things about Poland and its citizens. After all, nobody likes to be criticised! Possessive pronouns show possession — what belongs to whom or what. Table shows you the Polish possessive pronouns in the nominative case. The form of the possessive pronoun is determined by the gender of the noun it refers to.
I talk about the gender of nouns in Chapter 2. Unfortunately, possessive pronouns decline in the same way as adjectives, which means they change endings in different cases not good news! You can read more about adjective declination in Chapter 2. Big or small? So, effectively, each adjective has three different forms. Polish food was designed to be filling. However, once you try some Polish delights, such as pierogi pye-ro-gee dumplings or kotlet schabowy kot-let sha-bo-vih pork cutlet , the Polish cuisine will become one of your favourites.
Read on about what awaits you in a Polish kitchen. Obiad o-byat lunch tends to be the main meal of the day. It is usually served between 1 and 4 p. Kolacja ko-la-tsya dinner is usually a small affair enjoyed between 6 and 10 p. Polish hospitality is famous for being exceptional! Uwielbiam polskie jedzenie!
Table shows the present tense conjugation for each. Both of them are irregular verbs. Head back to Chapter 2 for details on these odd verbs. The Case of the Accusative Case You use the accusative case for a direct object of a sentence. Flip back to Chapter 2 for more details on the function of the accusative case or the basic dictionary nominative case. The accusative case endings are pretty straightforward. The following sections explain how things work.
You only have to worry about masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives. Objectifying masculine nouns and adjectives For masculine nouns, the choice of ending depends on whether the noun is animate people and animals or inanimate object. Endings for living things Animate nouns for living creatures take the ending -a in the accusative case. Adjectives referring to animate nouns take the ending -ego.
They keep their original nominative dictionary forms! And remember that plants are treated as inanimate nouns. These odd masculine nouns look feminine and they follow the feminine pattern. Read on to the next section about the feminine nouns. Those ending in a consonant are identical in the nominative and accusative cases. Good news! The accusative plural for all but masculine personal nouns is identical to the nominative plural I write about it later in this chapter.
That may be partially for economic reasons and partially because Polish food is considered best prepared at home. The good? The service in both was equally poor! Nowadays, all types of restaurants, serving a variety of food, line the streets of towns of every size. For days of the Polish week and the secrets of the Polish clock go to Chapter 7. Arriving and being seated In many restaurants you get to choose where you want to be seated. Feel free to simply walk in and make yourself comfortable at the best table and a waiter or a waitress will bring you the menu immediately.
Smoke-free country Until late , Poland was one of the countries where smokers could find a welcoming retreat. You were free to light up with a cup of coffee or with your dinner in any restaurant. And they did, though in many cases, the non-smoking section was in a back corner, close to a toilet or just metres away from those enjoying their cigarettes. However, since the end of Poland has been a smoke-free country.
Officially, at least, as not all pubs observe the law. Decoding the menu When you go to a Polish restaurant, you must try some of the traditional, mouthwatering Polish delights.
The rule is that the more sophisticated the restaurant, the more elaborate and difficult to understand is the menu. Delicious cabbage rolls stuffed with mince, served with creamy tomato sauce and mashed or boiled potatoes — Pycha!
Coffee or tea? If you hear that question, make sure you explain how you drink it. And you can forget the milk!
In fact, only children in kindergarden or breast-feeding women drink tea with milk, called bawarka ba-var-ka and for this reason all Poles feel sorry for them! Imagine a cup with two spoons of regular ground coffee with boiling water. Then just some stirring, possibly some sugar and all done! The last sip can leave you with coffee grounds in your teeth! Better not to smile then! Big relief, huh? I jak? Do you like it? Many diners leave nothing. So if you tip, you can be sure that doing so will be very much appreciated.
The information here could save you a lot of embarrassment! The gents are marked with a triangle and the ladies with a circle. It means toilet out of order. Finding recipes on the Internet is easy. Then you need to go and get the ingredients. Table lists names and pronunciations for a range of fruit and vegetables.
In this section I tell you how to form plurals. Neuter nouns end in -a in the nominative plural. All adjectives end in -e. Poles often say kilo kee-lo instead of kilogram and the abbreviation of both is kg.
Chapter 2 is the place to go for the details about when to use the genitive case. Owning masculine nouns and adjectives In the genitive case, the choice of ending depends on whether the noun is animate people and animals or inanimate object.
Masculine animate nouns are identical to those in the accusative case and take the ending -a. The most common ending is -u. Feminine adjectives end in -ej. Making plurals All adjectives in the genitive plural take the ending -ych or -ich after k, g. You need to learn these by heart.
Not many Poles know this funny new word skleping so seize the opportunity to teach them something fun! So, Idziemy na skleping? Introducing Places to Shop As in every country in the European Union EU , big cities in Poland have large shopping centres, often called galeria handlowa ga-le-rya han-dlo-va , with a myriad of shops, restaurants, cafes, playgrounds for children, cinemas and clubs, all under one roof.
You use the word galeria for an art gallery as well. After all, the ability to put different clothes together so that they can speak for your personality is certainly an art form! In smaller towns, shops are cosy and carry merchandise that feels unique and exotic.
Very popular are rynek rih-nek or targ tark open-air markets where you can search for both food and clothes, the latter not necessarily from the latest collections, though. Once you decide on where you want to go shopping, here are some expressions worth knowing: Przepraszam, gdzie jest. Be aware that the endings here are in the locative case, which is covered in Chapter You can read more about the genitive case in Chapter 5. Shopping for Clothes In this section I tell you about different pieces of the Polish wardrobe, including colours, patterns and fabrics — how to enquire about them, find them and try them on — all you need to know to successfully browse the shelves.
Getting assistance and trying clothes on In large shopping centres you can simply dive in and enjoy the shopping without being interrupted. You can find more on speaking formally and informally in Chapter 3. Indeed, the whole experience can feel like personal shopping! With one major difference — all that service at no extra cost! So, take this opportunity and shop till you drop!
In some shops, however, you may notice that the sales assistants are not exceptionally helpful or friendly and hardly ever smile. This attitude to clients is an old relic of the Communist era when all goods were very limited and shop shelves stayed virtually empty. It was the salespeople who had access to goods and having such power in their hands they felt no need to go out of their way to be nice to anyone.
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